ADVANCED
Understand how blockchains achieve agreement — from Byzantine fault tolerance and Nakamoto consensus to Ethereum's LMD-GHOST+Casper, Tendermint, Solana's PoH, and the economics of running validators.
Byzantine fault tolerance, the CAP theorem, and why distributed agreement is hard.
Nakamoto consensus, mining economics, and why Ethereum moved to PoS.
LMD-GHOST, Casper FFG, and how Ethereum achieves finality with 900,000+ validators.
Tendermint, Solana's PoH, Avalanche, and the design space of L1 consensus.
Staking yields, MEV, validator market structure, and the economics of running consensus infrastructure.
Design the consensus mechanism for a new Layer 1 blockchain optimized for DeFi.
